Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) reduces apoptosis and improves neurological function after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulating microglia inflammation.

Indole-3-carbinol(I3C) is a tumor chemopreventive substance that can be extracted from cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the cerebral protective effects of I3C in an in vivo rats model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). 8-10 Week-Old male SD rat received I3C (150 mg/kg, once daily) for 3 days and underwent 3 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. The results showed that I3C pretreatment (150 mg/kg, once daily) prevented CIRI-induced cerebral infarction in rats. I3C pretreatment also decreased the mRNA expression levels of several apoptotic proteins, including Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9, by increasing the mRNA expression levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Inhibited apoptosis in the brain cells of MCAO rats. In addition, we found that I3C pretreatment reduced neuronal loss, promoted neurological recovery after ischemia-reperfusion injury and increased seven-day survival in MCAO rats. I3C pretreatment also significantly reduced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in ischemic brain tissue; Increased expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA. At the same time, I3C pretreatment significantly decreased the expression of the M1 microglial marker IBA1 after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and increased the expression of these results in the M2 microglial marker CD206. I3C pretreatment also significantly decreased apoptosis and death of HAPI microglial cells after hypoxia induction, decreased interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA The expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNAs was increased. These results suggest that I3C protects the brain from CIRI by regulating the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of microglia.

Risk Factors and the Management of Entrapped Temporal Horn following Lateral Ventricular Tumor Surgery.

AIM: To investigate the risk factors and optimize the management of entrapped temporal horn (ETH) following lateral ventricular tumor surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 41 cases of lateral ventricular tumors treated at the department of neurosurgery of our institution between January 2012 and September 2020. We summarized and analyzed the preoperative symptoms, intraoperative conditions, postoperative complications of the entrapped temporal horn, treatment measures, and recovery. RESULTS: Of 41 patients, 14 (34.1%) had ETH complications. A univariate analysis revealed that the tumor location, tumor diameter, the intraoperative use of hemostatic materials, no extraventricular drainage (EVD) was placed at the end of the operation, tumor stroke, the exposure mode of the tumor boundary, and postoperative meningitis were potential risk factors for the development of ETH. A multivariate binary logistic stepwise regression analysis revealed that tumor diameter ≥3.2cm(OR=14.808,P=0.037), tumor stroke(OR=50.793,P=0.015), non-EVD (OR=0.023,P=0.033), and the mechanical separation of the tumor boundary (OR=30.617,P=0.045) were risk factors for ETH. CONCLUSION: ETH often occurs following the surgery of lateral ventricle tumors. Large tumor diameter, tumor stroke, non-EVD at the end of operation, and the mechanical separation of the tumor boundary are the risk factors of ETH. The natural exposure of the tumor boundary during surgery, avoiding the use of hemostatic materials, placing an EVD tube at the end of operation, and postoperative infection control can effectively reduce the occurrence of ETH. It is essential to select the appropriate treatment method for patients with postoperative ETH.